Whatever Happened to Small Cars? Visit European Cityscapes and See...

In July 2023, Fiat CEO Olivier Francois announced that Fiat would no longer be offering grey cars. This praiseworthy rebellion against blandness* was announced in a video of a 600e being dipped in a vat of orange paint. Sadly, it occurred 2 model years after Fiat stopped offering its 500L sedan and 124 Spider, possibly victims of the SUV craze, in the US. The 500x crossover is still on sale here, and the little 500e all-electric coupe is still available in Europe, though the plaid color scheme shown here is apparently not a factory offering...

But red was, of course, a factory offering from Alfa Romeo on its front-drive Giulietta, a small family hatchback offered from 2010 to 2020. Only the larger Giulia sedan and Stelvio SUV were part of the company's US relaunch, which began with the 8C Competizione supercar in 2008. Too bad, because the Giulietta would have offered practicality and Alfa handling in a city-friendly size.

Alfa's 159, offered as 4-door sedan starting in 2004 and a 5-door sport wagon joined it in 2006.  On a 106" wheelbase, it's not small, but the design by Giugiaro and Alfa's Centro Stile is too pretty to ignore. Engine options included inline 4s with and without turbocharging, as well as a 3.2 liter V6, which like the chassis was based upon a GM Holden design.  Like contemporary BMW sport wagons, the 159 looks stunningly low and svelte when parked near today's big SUVs.  It was criticized for being a bit overweight by Alfisti, was never imported into the US, and was discontinued in 2011.

Audi has offered its A1 in 3 and 5 door hatchback versions in Europe since 2010, but never in the US, where their recent emphasis, even in the electric E-trons, has been on SUVs.  The A1 is a posh supermini, offering gasoline engines ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 liters.  Intriguingly, transmission choices have included 5 and 6-speed manuals, a 7-speed S-tronic, and a 1-speed for the electric E-tron version.  

BMW offered its 1 Series in this F20 three-door version starting in 2012, and continued the model through 2019, eventually adding a 3.0 liter six to the original, more modest engine range, which included a 1.5 liter turbocharged inline three, plus 1.6 and 2.0 liter inline fours (turbocharged and not).  Transmissions included a 6-speed manual and 8-speed automatic, and the styling by Nicolas Huet was sleeker than the 1 Series notchback that made it to the US.

Citroen took a nonconformist approach when they introduced their C4 Cactus subcompact SUV in 2014.   Front-drive only, the Cactus offered 1.2 liter inline 3-cylinder gas power, or a 1.6 liter diesel four.  On a 102" wheelbase, it's a tidy 163" long.  Those black panels on the flanks, front and rear are called "AIrBumps".  They protect the C4 from parking lot dings and dents, in exchange for looking like AirBumps.  The Cactus was produced in Spain until 2020, and in Brazil from 2018 until the present.  Front-drive naturally, but sadly not with the famous hydropneumatic suspension, which would have allowed adjustable ground clearance, a practical feature in an SUV...

On a 5" shorter wheelbase than the Cactus, Citroen's DS3 is based on the same chassis platform, competing in the luxury supermini category with Audi's A1.  It's an inch longer than the Opel Tigra at 155 inches,  Launched as a Citroen in 2009, the car became part of the separate DS (pronounced dee-esse, goddess in French) make in 2016, and continued for another three years. DS3 listed 1.2 liter inline threes, and 1.4 liter and 1.6 liter fours, with the 1.2 and 1.6 offering optional turbos. 

Opel's Karl (oddly named after Adam Opel's son) was built in South Korea, and was, like the Vauxhall Viva, a badge-engineered version of the 4th generation Chevy Spark. It was in the mini category (the BMW version, not the BMC) on a 93.9" wheelbase, and just over 12 feet long. Power came from a 1.0 liter inline 3, and 5-speed manual and automatics transmitted power from the front wheels to the road.  It all came to an end after 2017, when GM sold Opel to PSA (Peugeot-Citroen) Group, which joined Stellantis in 2021.

The Opel mini wagon below appears related to the equally boxy Concept A that appeared in 1999, and seemed aimed at maximum space efficiency...

Opel had offered its TIgra convertible with removable hardtop from 2004-2009, and this version was actually built in France, like the bodies for the Opel GT had been in the late 60s and early 70s.  A front-driver with 1.4 and 1.6 liter inline fours, it offered 5-speed manual as well as 4-speed automatic shifting.  It offered the right size for small car fans: at 154.4 inches on a 95.6" wheelbase, it was 2" shorter than Mazda's original Miata...

The Toyota Aygo (pronounced "I go") was a Euope-only model built in the Czech Republic alongside the related Citroen C1 and Peugeot 107. It was a true mini, with on overall length of 134" and weight just over 1,800 lb..  Engines were a 1.3 liter gas inline 3 and a 1.4 liter diesel 4. Aygo had a long production life, 2005-2022, and previewed some of the wild lighting and graphic shapes that appeared on Toyota's US market cars, especially SUVs.

VW's third-generation Scirocco, offered from 2008-17, offered 1.4 and 2.0 liter inline 4s as well as diesels, and standardized 6-speed manual gearboxes under this sleek and compact hatchback coupe shell by Walter de Silva.  Produced in Germany and Portugal, it was available only in front-drive form, perhaps to avoid competition with Audi's Quattro performance offerings.

VW's ID.3 offers electric power in a more compact form than the ID.4 we get in the US, at 167.8" long vs. 180.5" for the ID.4.  Weight is lower too, with the standard version ID.3 at 3,907 lb., while the ID.4 goes from 4,300 to 4,900 lb. depending upon configuration and trim.  ID.3 range runs from 240 to 330 miles, depending upon battery pack.   

VW's new ID.2 is still more compact, with an overall length of 159.4" on a 102.4" wheelbase, and a range of up to 280 miles.  VW's target weight for the ID.2 is 3,300 to 3,500 pounds, according to Motor Trend magazine.  In the US market, this car could fill the gap left by Nissan's planned discontinuation of the Leaf, and GM's halt of Bolt EV and EUV production after 2023.  GM has now announced a new, revised Bolt EUV for next year, and Nissan is making noise about a new Leaf.  Good for American consumers, because we're unlikely to see the ID.2 on these shores anytime soon.

There's also a GTI version of the ID.2, with 265 hp instead of the standard 233.  The GTI, shown below, offers different trim and bumpers, front and rear, but it's unlikely to appear in the US market because of the US fondness for big SUVs*, and the Trump Administration's fondness for tariffs.

If the new tariffs being levied against imported cars make it unlikely that we'll see Volkswagen's ID.3 or ID.2 (let alone the smaller ID.1) in the US, it's even less likely that we'll see the new Peugeot E-208, a new all-electric slightly smaller than the ID.2, and with a range up to 254 miles.  PSA Group had mentioned plans to relaunch Peugeot in the US before joining Stellantis in 2021, and even mentioned 2026 as a target.  But French products, like German ones, will be affected by that 25% tax.  Oddly, Russian automotive products will be exempt.  In case you want to rush out and buy a Lada, though, you can forget it; Russian cars don't meet US safety standards.  There still are Federal safety standards for cars in the US, and they're supposed to be enforced by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. We checked...

*Footnote:  

The Fiat announcement dropping grey occurred almost 2 years after we complained about the colorlessness of modern cars in "Worst Car Designs Revisited: Computerized Conformism + Fear of Color", posted here on June 20, 2021.  We reviewed the current SUV craze in "Annals of Design: Why So Many SUVs and Pickups" on November 30, 2023.

Color Photo Credits:  

All photos were contributed by our roving correspondent Dr. Marcus Nashelsky,  except for the VW ID.2 and ID.2 GTI (from Volkswagen AG on Wikimedia) and the Peugeot E-208 (from Stellantis N.V.).  In case you want to apply for that European correspondent job, we'll point out that the hourly rate we offer for photography is zero, and that Dr. Nashelsky pays all his own travel expenses.

 

Poeschl Architecture Projects

Beginning a retrospective of a life in architecture with a non-building may seem contrary to the demands of logic, but it makes some sense if given enough context.  For one thing, this pool in Big Sur is one of the most photogenic things we've done. For another, because it is essentially negative space filled with water, it survived a disastrous wildfire in 2016...

But we're getting ahead of our story.  One of the first projects to appear after I found myself on my own in 1999 was an addition to an existing, roughly 600 square-foot cabin in Palo Colorado Canyon, on a scenic, wooded hillside overlooking the Pacific.  The program called for adding enough space for a family with 3 children, several rescued dogs, and a keen interest in the great outdoors.  The program also required that we avoid removing trees whenever possible. These magical trees were one of the main attractions of this site. 

We transformed the existing cabin into a living and kitchen space opening onto a terrace over an existing, leaky pool, designed a two-story wing with added master bedroom and bath over two children's rooms and a reconfigured bath, and detailed a small bunk house with bath and outdoor shower for visitors.  As for the pool, we soon replaced it with a pool turned 90 degrees so that the long dimension was parallel to the contour lines of the hillside.  Construction was delegated to master builder Alfred Seccombe of North Star Construction in Carmel, and the work was published* about 5 years after completion.  It led to other work, including an unbuilt proposal for a house near Garrapata State Park, also in Big Sur... 

…and a tea house in Japanese style, which was to be added to an existing ranch-style house in Los Altos as a retreat for a client who wished to age in place, to use a phrase that later became popular.  As we designed this during a construction boom and we heard nothing from the owner for nearly a year, we assumed that the project had remained unbuilt.  Then just around the new year, we received a card from the owner:  "Tea house is finished.  Come have tea."

Before our tea ceremony, we admired the attention lavished on small details by master carpenter Takeshi Fukui, down to his selection of a landscape light for the garden (center above) which I'd forgotten.  This project was published* in summer of 2006.

At this time our practice was divided between Monterey Bay and Boulder, Colorado, but I was spending most of my time in Santa Cruz.  This allowed time for scheming other proposals, like this quick sketch for a compact 3-story house near the Santa Cruz Yacht Harbor, which remained unbuilt.

Sketches for an octagonal house on Hurricane Point in Big Sur, however, turned into something buildable after no small amount of discussion with our client, and after engineering and construction drawings were complete.  The owner's program was to honor the octagonal form of a house his uncle had built on the windy, scenic site in the 1960s, while replacing the deteriorated structure with something sturdy, yet open to the ocean views.  I took the photo below over a year before the project was complete. More photos will likely follow, as this retrospective is a work in progress.

During this time we also designed a house for another windy site above the Pacific, Pfeiffer Ridge in Big Sur.  Our client wanted something modest in size, focused on the ocean views, but with a strong feeling of shelter...

We designed a number of remodels and additions during this 2003-2008 period; the one below is a 2nd story addition to a ranch house in Carmel Valley, CA.

When the Great Recession came along, we focused our spare time (of which we had plenty) on designing several small standardized houses that could be suitable for factory production; the largest, the 982, was named for its area in square feet.  The curved roof shapes on the house echoed the Pfeiffer Ridge house, and were designed to resist high winds.

In 2011 we were hired to design an addition and new structure for the Faris Machinery Company in Colorado Springs, Colorado.  The final design shown below was built by autumn of 2013, and looks just like our computer model, sharing its horizontal emphasis, despite the tall spaces demanded by an overhead crane for repair and maintenance of heavy road equipment.

On July 22, 2016 the Soberanes wildfire started from an illegal campfire in Garrapata State Park.  We listened in suspense to news reports as the fire spread to Palo Colorado Canyon. By the time the fire ended in October, it was considered the largest wildfire in California (it has since been surpassed) and claimed the life of a fire recovery worker on the road crew.  It also destroyed 57 houses, including the house and cabin we had designed.  The builder sent us photos of the damage, but it was about 24 hours before I could manage to look at them.  A couple months later, the owners decided to have the same architect and builder replace the structures that had been destroyed.

Under the Fire Recovery program, we would be allowed exceed the area of the destroyed structures (including the barn, which we hadn't designed) by 10%, and Monterey Planning approved the initial scheme of a one-bedroom cabin perched above the replacement house, as sited originally, with two more cabins downhill from the pool.  The owners decided to make the house a meeting place for family and friends, with only one sleeping loft overlooking an expansive kitchen and entertainment space.  Their original program was to build a cabin for each of their two daughters and their son, but to provide a full kitchen only in the house, so the now grown-up kids would visit the parents frequently. Cabin 1 (at right above) would perch bedroom and living space above a carport, as Cabin 3 (at left above) perched that space above the barn space, with Cabin 2, just above Cabin 3, featuring a loft above living space.

The basic form of the house and cabins was set after we did computerized studies showing interior sunlight and shading at summer and winter solstices.  We were still working on integrating existing retaining and landscape walls into the scheme when the above model was made. Cabin 3, with curved roof, is 70 feet below Cabin 1.  The plan was to site Cabin 2, below, on the ground occupied by an old garden coop; it would have offered about 640 square feet of space for living, kitchenette and loft sleeping space...

Cabin 2 remained unbuilt owing to a change of directors at Monterey County Planning. The new director decided that though we were well within area limits under the Fire Replacement program, the proposed cabin was not on the site of a building that had burned down. That wasn't true of Cabin 1 (top in photo below) or the main house, so construction would proceed on those once we secured building permits for the house and Cabins 1 & 3...

Cabin 1, at the top of the site, sits above the house adjacent to the ravine that had provided a path to the 2016 fire.  We moved the new house about 16 feet north of that troublesome ravine.  Cabin 1, like the other structures, is built of non-combustible materials, with concrete forming the lower level and stair, steel framing the upper level, with copper roofing shading the 2nd level copper siding and glass, which like all glazing on the project, is tempered.

Landscape architecture, including the fountain above, re-using steps that survived the fire, is by Marie Goulet of Wild Land Workshop... 

That reinforced concrete stair enclosure with scupper above the curve earned the nickname "teapot" during construction. Inside, the space is illuminated by porthole windows, wall sconces, and lights concealed under the stair nosings...

A gravel path leads you west from Cabin 1 to the main house, which our clients have christened the Meeting House...

On the way there, you pass another metal fountain designed into a network of concrete retaining walls. 

This view captures the westward vista towards the ocean.  Like the house reconfigured to our 1999 plans, this one is only a bit over 1,800 square feet of enclosed space. The exterior decks expand that space into the outdoors. Banks of photovoltaic cells arrayed on the hillside provide electrical power.  

A view of the main house from the southeast...

And an overhead view from the southwest...

Those openings framed by steel beams are overlooked by the sleeping loft and clerestory windows above.  Combustible materials were allowed indoors, and we used wood to warm up the ceilings and kitchen cabinetry.

The surfboard shape of the kitchen island was inspired by the curving north window wall (below) whose form was dictated by the curving concrete stair that survived the fire.  We moved the replacement house to a position adjacent to that stair in order to avoid closeness to the ravine that had been a conduit for fire.  Also, the architect had spent lots of time (maybe too much) surfing in Monterey Bay.

Our client requested a curved roof over Cabin 3, which they've named the Sunset Lodge because it is farthest west on the site; Cabin 1 is now called the Sunrise Lodge.  The bridge reaches the living space and bedroom located on the upper level. The lower level has storage space that replaces space lost in the original barn.

As on the main house, glazed doors slide into pockets to permit an unobstructed view of the hillside and ocean beyond.

As noncombustible materials were only allowed outdoors for small items like guardrail caps, the builders painted the exterior soffits to match the grain and color of the interior ceilings, which are real wood...

...as shown in this view towards the northwest corner of the compact living space. The unobstructed arc of the clerestory window makes the space feel more open.

The original plan was to outfit the porthole window over the lavatory with a hinged porthole-shaped mirror.  Photos were taken after our very patient clients had finally moved in...

In 2023 the North Star Construction team posed on the ocean-facing deck of the main house to celebrate completion.  We want to take this moment to thank our own team, who helped with design, drafting and computer modeling during the quarter century time span of all projects illustrated here.  In chronological order, they were Sarah Francis, Larry Butler Jr., and Ben Lochridge. Structural engineering for the original Palo Colorado project and the fire recovery project was provided by Scott Haggblade of Donald Urfer & Associates.

The Palo Colorado completion was about five years after the first Fire Recovery building permit was released by Monterey County, and after builder Alfred Seccombe (on right below) invited me to judge sand castles in the annual competition* on Carmel Beach in August 2018. We leave our story here, with a reminder that you never quite know where fate will take you...

Photo & Image Credits

Top through 3rd + 5th & 6th: Alan McEwan

4th, 7th & 9th from top:  Sketches by the author

8th & 10th:  The author

11th through 16th:  Design by Poeschl Architecture; computer 3D models by Ben Lochridge

17th:  Moss Media

18th through 25th: Alfred Seccombe of North Star Construction

26th:  Moss Media

27th through 33nd:  Alfred Seccombe 

34th:  Moss Media

Bottom:  Alfred Seccombe collection

*Publications:  

The Los Altos tea house was published in the Fine Homebuilding Houses Annual Issue, No. 179, for Summer 2006.  Publisher:  The Taunton Press.

The Palo Colorado Canyon house was published in Homestyle by the Sea in the Fall 2008 issue, with an article entitled "On the Edge of Infinity".  Publisher:  Bay Publishing Company. 

For those interested in the annual sand castle competition, we posted a photo essay, "Sand Castle Magic", in this blog on Sept. 13, 2018.